http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/13205156/The-trials-of-being-a-tribal.html?h=B
Caught between the government and the Maoists, tribals in India need to organize into collectives for their common interest
On Monday, news agency PTI reported that families from villages in Chhattisgarh’s Dantewada district were fleeing their homes for fear of reprisals from security forces in the aftermath of last week’s massacre at Tadmetla.
This is only the most recent account of the plight of tribals in India’s violence-torn areas. For years, government apathy has resulted in few educational and employment opportunities for them, leading to large-scale poverty and poor living conditions. Added to that, the Maoist menace has meant they have had to exist in an environment of coercion and violence.
Until a few years ago, the Indian administration largely viewed the Maoist problem as somehow manageable. That illusion vanished as a burgeoning Maoist cadre consistently undermined the government. The killings at Tadmetla are a brutal pointer to that might.
Indeed, as the struggle for dominance between the state and the insurgents has heated up, both sides have increasingly used tribals as instruments in their power battles. On the one hand, the Salwa Judum example shows that as security forces have stumbled, the government has taken recourse to pitting tribals against tribals, at times forcefully. On the other, Maoists have used tribals as human shields, letting the innocent bear the brunt of the casualties.
At one level, it is a problem of agency—at fault is the tribals’ fragmentary existence that makes individuals vulnerable to external forces. It is interesting here to look at a recent interview of Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in economics. Ostrom builds on cooperation as the driving force of coordination, and suggests that small communities can work towards the common good provided they cooperate and communicate effectively.
Ostrom’s model has some resonance for the tribals’ situation in India. Decades of disenfranchisement and lack of empowerment have left tribals in India’s conflict zones without a voice. Their political leaders are either absent or too far removed to effectively represent them. Politically, they are orphans. In this situation, the ability to organize into organic communities, even on a small scale, can do much to help the tribals’ cause. More importantly, it will give them the ability to project themselves on their own terms, and not as they are represented by either the state or the insurgents.
Monday, April 19, 2010
Saturday, April 3, 2010
Hydrological madness runs deeper
By Sudhirendar Sharma
25 Mar 2010
With the world water day gone by and a hot summer in the waiting, the case of groundwater anarchy should be back into contention.
With such exploitation, can we save groundwater reserves from depletion?
That the country's groundwater reserves have shrunk beyond redemption is no breaking news. Neither the fact that electricity subsidies remain a political tool to expand electoral base is any revelation. The only surprise being that 230 cubic kilometers of annual groundwater withdrawal, the world's highest, is still largely unregulated without any credible entitlements to those who pump it. There is no check on its unstinted intensification either.
It may have worked thus far but not before pushing one-third of 6,572 groundwater blocks into 'overexploited' category. And there is no let down in the efforts to milk the remaining groundwater reserves dry if growth of affordable water extraction pumps is any indication. An estimated 27 million of such pumps are belching out groundwater, a 120 times growth in the number of pumps that existed in 1960. It is however different matter that the affordable pumps helped poor farmers break free of the hydraulic limits imposed by gravity and open channel flow.
The fact that 85 per cent of drinking water and 60 per cent of irrigation supplies are dependent on it must however warrant a serious look at the depleting resource.
In the urban centres, however, cheaper pumping devices have created groundwater anarchy. Gurgaon, the bursting suburb of Delhi with 2 million inhabitants, is a case in point wherein unrestricted number of bore wells are consistently depleting groundwater at an average rate of 2 meters per year for the last three years. Lacking authority to ban further digging of bore wells, a helpless Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) instead warns that at the present rate the city will have no ground water left by 2017.
Gurgaon is not an isolated case; groundwater anarchy has tripled across the country in the past decade. In Punjab, groundwater in 75 percent of blocks is overdrawn; in Rajasthan the corresponding portion is 60 percent; and for Karnataka and Tamil Nadu the figure is around 40 per cent. The hard-rock peninsular region is the latest hotspot, where groundwater pumping for irrigation has run the aquifers dry. In addition, excessive extraction has led to unwarranted rise in Geogenic contaminants like iron, fluoride and arsenic in groundwater.
Unrestricted drilling of borewells increases pressure on groundwater
But for the updated data, the groundwater story treads a familiar script. The fact that 85 per cent of drinking water and 60 per cent of irrigation supplies are dependent on it must however warrant a serious look at the depleting resource. The sheer number of individual beneficiaries in the country's 'informal groundwater economy' make it a formidable 'command and control challenge'. Far from attempting to manage it, the fractured policymaking and an out-of-sync bureaucracy has thus far added to the crises by following the colonial prescription.
Else, planners would not be writing new canal projects to tide over the crises which rarely help the end users. But they have done so to keep the issue of groundwater management in abeyance. Since the colonial times, civil engineering route to water management has been relentlessly pursued regardless of the fact that irrigation economy is vastly different from what the British left behind and that it doesn't respond to the groundwater recharge question. The state's failure in making common cause with the multitudes of users is baffling!
Could there be an opportunity cost of sustaining the informal water economy? Seems so, as coercive politics in the matter of groundwater governance in the past has led to electoral debacle for two Chief Ministers, Chandrababu Naidu in Andhra and Digvijay Singh in Madhya Pradesh. Consequently, political sensitivity does not warrant command-and-control over a crises-ridden US$ 8 billion groundwater sector. No wonder, the National Groundwater Recharge Master Plan of 2005 which promises 35 cu. kilometer of annual groundwater recharge remains good on paper.
The trouble with groundwater is that any reasonable hole in the ground is enough to abstract groundwater but replenishing the same can only be done through specific aquifer recharge zones.
It is seemingly free for all; own a piece of land and the vast groundwater reserves come along as a package. Farmers have been unscrupulously pumping water because power has been subsidized; beverage companies are mining groundwater because regulations don't exist; and municipalities enjoy unwritten impunity for wasteful utilisation of extracted water. It is a safety valve for millions of dispersed users that nobody dares to cap.
India's groundwater crisis is undoubtedly worsening, as policymakers seek shortcuts to redress water sector anomalies. The trouble with groundwater is that any reasonable hole in the ground is enough to abstract groundwater but replenishing the same can only be done through specific aquifer recharge zones. Without doubt, most recharge zones are either encroached upon or sold at a premium to realtors, over which the toothless CGWA has little control.
From electricity rationing to groundwater cess, from credible entitlements to vigorous enforcement and from change in cropping pattern to farmers managed groundwater systems, there are range of credible options that have been put on test. There is a need for the state to engage with people in a participatory mode, such that resource developers become resource managers. But as long as the political economy of land grab reins supreme, the life-saving fluid will be at the receiving end - both on and below the ground.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of d-sector editorial team.
Sudhirendar Sharma | sudhirendarsharma@gmail.com
Dr Sudhirendar Sharma is an environmentalist and development analyst based in New Delhi. Formerly with the World Bank, Dr Sharma is an expert on water, a keen observer on climate change dynamics, and a critic of the contemporary development processes.
25 Mar 2010
With the world water day gone by and a hot summer in the waiting, the case of groundwater anarchy should be back into contention.
With such exploitation, can we save groundwater reserves from depletion?
That the country's groundwater reserves have shrunk beyond redemption is no breaking news. Neither the fact that electricity subsidies remain a political tool to expand electoral base is any revelation. The only surprise being that 230 cubic kilometers of annual groundwater withdrawal, the world's highest, is still largely unregulated without any credible entitlements to those who pump it. There is no check on its unstinted intensification either.
It may have worked thus far but not before pushing one-third of 6,572 groundwater blocks into 'overexploited' category. And there is no let down in the efforts to milk the remaining groundwater reserves dry if growth of affordable water extraction pumps is any indication. An estimated 27 million of such pumps are belching out groundwater, a 120 times growth in the number of pumps that existed in 1960. It is however different matter that the affordable pumps helped poor farmers break free of the hydraulic limits imposed by gravity and open channel flow.
The fact that 85 per cent of drinking water and 60 per cent of irrigation supplies are dependent on it must however warrant a serious look at the depleting resource.
In the urban centres, however, cheaper pumping devices have created groundwater anarchy. Gurgaon, the bursting suburb of Delhi with 2 million inhabitants, is a case in point wherein unrestricted number of bore wells are consistently depleting groundwater at an average rate of 2 meters per year for the last three years. Lacking authority to ban further digging of bore wells, a helpless Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) instead warns that at the present rate the city will have no ground water left by 2017.
Gurgaon is not an isolated case; groundwater anarchy has tripled across the country in the past decade. In Punjab, groundwater in 75 percent of blocks is overdrawn; in Rajasthan the corresponding portion is 60 percent; and for Karnataka and Tamil Nadu the figure is around 40 per cent. The hard-rock peninsular region is the latest hotspot, where groundwater pumping for irrigation has run the aquifers dry. In addition, excessive extraction has led to unwarranted rise in Geogenic contaminants like iron, fluoride and arsenic in groundwater.
Unrestricted drilling of borewells increases pressure on groundwater
But for the updated data, the groundwater story treads a familiar script. The fact that 85 per cent of drinking water and 60 per cent of irrigation supplies are dependent on it must however warrant a serious look at the depleting resource. The sheer number of individual beneficiaries in the country's 'informal groundwater economy' make it a formidable 'command and control challenge'. Far from attempting to manage it, the fractured policymaking and an out-of-sync bureaucracy has thus far added to the crises by following the colonial prescription.
Else, planners would not be writing new canal projects to tide over the crises which rarely help the end users. But they have done so to keep the issue of groundwater management in abeyance. Since the colonial times, civil engineering route to water management has been relentlessly pursued regardless of the fact that irrigation economy is vastly different from what the British left behind and that it doesn't respond to the groundwater recharge question. The state's failure in making common cause with the multitudes of users is baffling!
Could there be an opportunity cost of sustaining the informal water economy? Seems so, as coercive politics in the matter of groundwater governance in the past has led to electoral debacle for two Chief Ministers, Chandrababu Naidu in Andhra and Digvijay Singh in Madhya Pradesh. Consequently, political sensitivity does not warrant command-and-control over a crises-ridden US$ 8 billion groundwater sector. No wonder, the National Groundwater Recharge Master Plan of 2005 which promises 35 cu. kilometer of annual groundwater recharge remains good on paper.
The trouble with groundwater is that any reasonable hole in the ground is enough to abstract groundwater but replenishing the same can only be done through specific aquifer recharge zones.
It is seemingly free for all; own a piece of land and the vast groundwater reserves come along as a package. Farmers have been unscrupulously pumping water because power has been subsidized; beverage companies are mining groundwater because regulations don't exist; and municipalities enjoy unwritten impunity for wasteful utilisation of extracted water. It is a safety valve for millions of dispersed users that nobody dares to cap.
India's groundwater crisis is undoubtedly worsening, as policymakers seek shortcuts to redress water sector anomalies. The trouble with groundwater is that any reasonable hole in the ground is enough to abstract groundwater but replenishing the same can only be done through specific aquifer recharge zones. Without doubt, most recharge zones are either encroached upon or sold at a premium to realtors, over which the toothless CGWA has little control.
From electricity rationing to groundwater cess, from credible entitlements to vigorous enforcement and from change in cropping pattern to farmers managed groundwater systems, there are range of credible options that have been put on test. There is a need for the state to engage with people in a participatory mode, such that resource developers become resource managers. But as long as the political economy of land grab reins supreme, the life-saving fluid will be at the receiving end - both on and below the ground.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of d-sector editorial team.
Sudhirendar Sharma | sudhirendarsharma@gmail.com
Dr Sudhirendar Sharma is an environmentalist and development analyst based in New Delhi. Formerly with the World Bank, Dr Sharma is an expert on water, a keen observer on climate change dynamics, and a critic of the contemporary development processes.
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